cholesky-growth
At its defaults it draws the growth factor of a 12×12 elimination, against the condition number of the matrix. Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 9 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^11 = 2048, is drawn above them both.
cholesky-growth is one function in lib/figures/symmetric.js —
symmetric eliminations — a growth factor of exactly one, and a diagonal that is zero. Everything below came out of it during this build, at
arguments taken from the essays rather than invented for this page. A figure here is the
figure a reader meets in an essay, and if the generator changes, this page changes with it.
At its defaults
Drawn even though every essay passes arguments — which on this site is every essay, at 100% of placements since the standard pass. A default nothing exercises is a trap for the next essay to call this with none, and this is the page where a default that has drifted from the figures around it becomes visible.
Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 9 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^11 = 2048, is drawn above them both.
n: 24
The arguments are the ones A block size is a property of the machine passes. A value drawn at the generator's defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.
Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 19 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^23 = 8.4·10⁶, is drawn above them both.
n: 12
The arguments are the ones A factorisation with nothing to pivot for passes. A value drawn at the generator's defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.
Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 9 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^11 = 2048, is drawn above them both.
n: 5
The arguments are the ones A factorisation with nothing to pivot for passes. A value drawn at the generator's defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.
Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 2 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^4 = 16, is drawn above them both.
n: 18
The arguments are the ones The factor is not sparse passes. A value drawn at the generator's defaults instead would be a picture no essay asked for and no assertion has been run against.
Three curves against κ. Cholesky's growth factor is exactly 1 at every condition number drawn — the elimination never produces an entry larger than the matrix already had. Partial pivoting on the same matrices reaches the same growth, and reaches it by making up to 13 row interchanges, each of which destroys the symmetry that was the reason to use a symmetric factorisation. The bound the general theory allows, 2^17 = 1.3·10⁵, is drawn above them both.
What it checked while drawing
Every figure above asserted its own claims on the way to being drawn, and a claim that failed
would have failed the build rather than drawn a wrong picture. Those assertions used to leave
no trace at all: a passing one returned true and the only evidence the figure had
checked anything was that nothing crashed. The list below is what they actually said, collected
by running this generator with an observer installed — not a description of
what it is believed to check.
29 distinct claims across 5 sets of arguments, grouped below by shape — because most of them are one sentence with a different number in it, and how many separate times that sentence was put to the test is the informative part.
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10 — asserted 3 times
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10 — asserted 3 times
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10 — asserted 3 times
a size the dense factorisations can afford
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10¹⁰
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10¹²
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10⁴
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10⁶
and partial pivoting's is no larger at κ = 10⁸
and the general bound is far above both
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10¹⁰
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10¹²
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10⁴
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10⁶
Cholesky succeeds at κ = 10⁸
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10¹⁰
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10¹²
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10⁴
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10⁶
Cholesky's growth factor is exactly one at κ = 10⁸
LU is for square matrices
matmul shapes agree
which it reaches by interchanging rows, where Cholesky interchanges none
Against the rule
It draws a decomposition and prints its residual. It calls
luFactor, choleskyGrowth,
and every figure above carries the badge — which residualcheck verifies by looking
for it in the emitted SVG rather than by finding the call that builds one. A badge that is
constructed and then left out of the body is the failure that check exists for.
Across the library: the rule bites on 90
of 174 generators —
75 print a residual and
15 are exempt with a published reason;
84 factorise nothing.
Read from lib/residual-rule.js, which is the same body the gate enforces from,
and the gate's last check fails the build if this page and it disagree about any generator.
Where it is called
Changing this generator changes every figure on this list. That is what makes the list worth publishing rather than keeping in a check script.
A block size is a property of the machine
Three lines of counting say the best block size is √(M/3). Scanned over every integer at five fast memories, the measured optimum is √M − 2 — exactly, at all five. The count has the right scaling and the wrong constant, low by a factor of 1.56, and the wrong form: the answer is affine in √M rather than proportional to it.
Elimination, and the swapA factorisation with nothing to pivot for
Cholesky's growth factor is not bounded by one. It is equal to one, at every size and every condition number, and the two-line reason is why the algorithm needs no pivoting at all — not "usually gets away without it". Its only failure is the square root of a non-positive number, which is exactly the test for definiteness, and in floating point that test moves with the precision.
Elimination, and the swapElimination is a sequence of choices
Gaussian elimination is taught as a procedure with no decisions in it. There is one decision at every step — which row to use — and every stability property the algorithm has comes from making it well.
Elimination, and the swapThe bound that is never attained
Partial pivoting's stability guarantee permits the entries to double at every step — a factor of 5.5·10¹¹ at n = 40. The measured growth on random matrices of that size is about three. The gap is eleven orders of magnitude, and the guarantee is still worth having.
Structure, and the solver that cannot see itThe circulant that cannot be indefinite
The previous essay found a preconditioner taking 117 steps against an unpreconditioned 59, because its smallest eigenvalue was −0.173. Average the two diagonals instead of choosing between them and the count is 7, 8, 9, 10, 10 across a factor of sixteen in size.
Sparsity, and what elimination costsThe factor is not sparse
A sparse matrix has a factor that is not sparse, and the gap between them is the entire reason iterative methods exist. The entries elimination creates can be counted before any arithmetic runs, from the graph alone.
Sparsity, and what elimination costsThe order decides the memory
Four elimination orderings on one matrix give factors of 1,739, 1,354, 1,413 and 1,026 entries. All four factorisations are exact, all four return the same answer, and the one with the better asymptotics is not the one that wins.
Elimination, and the swapWhen symmetry is not enough
The matrix [[0, 1], [1, 0]] is symmetric, nonsingular and perfectly conditioned, and there is no diagonal entry to pivot on. Every factorisation restricted to symmetric interchanges and one-by-one pivots fails on it, at any depth of searching, because every entry it could search is zero. The repair is to take two variables at once.